The new value replaces the existing value for the same key.
In a HashMap, if you use the put() method to insert a value for a key that already exists, the new value will replace the old one. This is because a HashMap is designed to associate a single value with each unique key, ensuring you can always retrieve the most recent value for a given key. Consider an e-commerce catalog where you update the price of a product: `map.put('productId123', 19.99);` overwrites any existing price for 'productId123'.