Java: Getters and Setters Design

To enforce encapsulation by restricting direct access.

Private fields are used to protect the internal state of an object from unintended modifications. By making fields private, you ensure that only the class itself can control how those fields are accessed or modified. In a shopping cart application, making the `cartItems` list private ensures that items can only be added or removed through controlled methods, maintaining the integrity of the cart's data.