Visibility controls which class members are accessible to subclasses.
In Java, visibility modifiers like 'protected' and 'private' determine what a subclass can access from its superclass. 'Protected' members are accessible to subclasses, while 'private' members are not. For example, a 'Product' class might have a 'private int id' that cannot be accessed by a 'Book' subclass, but 'protected String name' can be.